Reading — E-government

"E-government means everything from online government services to exchange of information and services electronically with citizens, businesses, and other bodies of the government."

ما وظيفة من everything from...to في هذه الجملة؟ وما الفكرة التي تبنيها؟

"The essential principle of e-government is to improve the internal mechanisms of the public sector."

ما معنى mechanisms في هذا السياق؟ وكيف يختلف عن systems؟

"Through innovation and e-government, governments around the world can be more efficient as they provide better services and respond to the demands of their citizens by transparency and liability."

ما معنى transparency وliability؟ ولماذا ذكرهما الكاتب معاً؟

"Government-to-Government (G2G) involves sharing data and conducting electronic exchanges between governmental sectors."

ما الفرق بين G2G وG2B وG2C؟ وكيف يُميّز بينها الكاتب؟

"This will pave the way to have more e-services."

ما معنى pave the way؟ وما الصورة البلاغية فيه؟