Reading — Civil Rights

"Simply speaking, human rights are the rights which one acquires by being alive, while civil rights are the rights that one obtains by being a legal member of a certain political life."

ما الفرق بين acquires وobtains في هذه الجملة؟ ولماذا استخدم الكاتب كلمة مختلفة لكل منهما؟

"Civil rights are the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality."

ما الفرق بين freedom وequality في هذا السياق؟

"They guarantee equal social opportunities and equal protection under the law, regardless of race, religion, or other personal characteristics."

ما وظيفة regardless of في هذه الجملة؟ وما الذي يكشفه عن طبيعة الحقوق المدنية؟

"Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from violation by governments, social organisations, and private individuals."

لماذا ذكر الكاتب ثلاثة مصادر للانتهاك: governments وsocial organisations وprivate individuals؟

"Unlike other rights concepts, such as human rights or natural rights, in which people acquire rights inherently from God, civil rights must be given and guaranteed by the power of the state."

ما وظيفة Unlike في بداية هذه الجملة؟ وما الفكرة المحورية التي يبنيها الكاتب؟

"Examples of civil rights include the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, the right to government services, the right to a public education, and the right to use public facilities."

لماذا استخدم الكاتب include وليس are في هذه الجملة؟

"Civil rights are an essential component of democracy; when individuals are prevented from participating in political society, their civil rights are being denied."

لماذا استخدم الكاتب are being denied وليس are denied؟ وما الفرق؟

"In contrast to civil liberties, which are freedoms that are secured by placing restraints on government, civil rights are secured by positive government action, often in the form of legislation."

ما الفرق بين civil liberties وcivil rights بناءً على هذه الجملة؟