Reading — Citizenship

"Citizenship is not only the state of being vested with the rights and duties of a citizen, but it can also be defined as the character of an individual who is viewed as a member of a particular society."

ما وظيفة not only...but also في هذه الجملة؟ وما الفكرة التي يبنيها الكاتب؟

"The concept of citizenship first arose in towns and city-states of ancient Greece, disappeared in Europe during the Middle Ages and crystallised in the 18th century."

ما معنى crystallised في هذا السياق؟ وما الصورة البلاغية فيه؟

"The concept of citizenship has never been fixed or static, but constantly changes within each society."

ما الفرق بين fixed وstatic في هذه الجملة؟ ولماذا ذكرهما الكاتب معاً؟

"Although Syrian citizenship provides many rights, it also involves many responsibilities."

ما وظيفة Although في بداية هذه الجملة؟ وكيف تختلف عن But؟

"In spite of the fact that all Syrian citizens enjoy freedom, protection and legal rights, they also have responsibilities that are voluntary as well as obligatory."

ما الفرق بين voluntary وobligatory في هذا السياق؟

"It is the responsibility of citizens to pass along the importance of good citizenship to future generations by teaching their children how to obey the law."

ما وظيفة It في بداية هذه الجملة؟ وما التركيب النحوي الكامل؟

"Syrians have the right to pride themselves on being good citizens in a nation of ancient civilisations that helped to build and enrich human culture."

ما معنى pride themselves on؟ وما التركيب النحوي بعده؟